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1 define a concept
Макаров: определить понятие -
2 to define a concept
English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > to define a concept
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3 concept
сущ.1) фил. понятие (терминологическое средство, с помощью которого ученые анализируют предметы реальности или мысленные конструкции)It is very difficult to define the concept of beauty. — Очень сложно определить понятие красоты.
See:2) мет. общее представление, идея, принцип; концепцияI failed to grasp the film's central concept. — Мне не удалось понять главную идею фильма.
Kleenbrite is a whole new concept in toothpaste! — "Клинбрайт" — это целая новая концепция зубной пасты!
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4 define
v1. визначати, давати (точне) визначення2. характеризувати, визначати, встановлювати3. окреслювати/ встановлювати межі- to define boundary between two countries встановлювати кордони між двома країнами- to define a concept визначити поняття- to define one's position визначити/ виразити своє ставлення- to define a term визначити термін -
5 define
v1) определять, давать (точное) определение2) характеризовать; определять, устанавливать3) очерчивать -
6 define
1 ( give definition of) définir [term, concept] (as comme) ;2 ( specify) définir, déterminer [limits] ; définir, délimiter [duties, powers] ; clearly defined responsibilities des responsabilités bien définies ;3 ( express clearly) déterminer [problem] ; I can't define how I feel about him je ne saurais dire exactement ce que je ressens pour lui ;4 to be defined against ( stand out) (tree, building etc) se détacher nettement sur [sky, background]. -
7 define
define [dɪ'faɪn](a) (term, word) définir(b) (boundary, role, subject) définir, délimiter; (concept, idea, feeling) définir, préciser; (objectives) formuler; (scope, extent) déterminer; (powers) délimiter;∎ he defines politics as being the art of the possible il définit la politique comme l'art du possible(c) (object, shape) définir;∎ the figures in the painting are not clearly defined les formes humaines du tableau ne sont pas bien définies -
8 define
(to fix or state the exact meaning of: Words are defined in a dictionary.) definir- definition
define vb definirtr[dɪ'faɪn]1 (word, expression, concept) definir2 (duties, role, rights, etc) delimitar3 (outline) definir, perfilar1) bound: delimitar, demarcar2) clarify: aclarar, definir3) : definirto define a word: definir una palabrav.• definir v.• delimitar v.• deslindar v.• determinar v.dɪ'faɪn1)a) (state meaning of, describe) \<\<word/position\>\> definirb) \<\<powers/duties\>\> delimitarc) ( characterize) distinguir*2) ( outline) (usu pass) definir[dɪ'faɪn]VT1) (=give definition for) definir; (=characterize) caracterizar; (=delimit) determinar, delimitar; (=outline) destacarhow would you define yourself politically? — ¿cómo se definiría políticamente?
2) (Comput) definir* * *[dɪ'faɪn]1)a) (state meaning of, describe) \<\<word/position\>\> definirb) \<\<powers/duties\>\> delimitarc) ( characterize) distinguir*2) ( outline) (usu pass) definir -
9 define
[dıʹfaın] v1. определять, давать (точное) определениеto define a term [a concept] - определить термин [понятие]
2. 1) характеризовать; определять, устанавливатьto define one's position - определить /высказать/ своё отношение
to define smb.'s duties - очертить /установить/ круг чьих-л. обязанностей
the powers of a judge are defined by law - обязанности /полномочия/ судьи устанавливаются /определяются/ законом
2) характеризовать; составлять отличительное свойствоthe properties that define this species are... - отличительными особенностями этого (биологического) вида являются...
3. очерчивать, ограничивать, устанавливать границыto define the boundary between two countries - установить границу между двумя странами
three joined buildings defined a courtyard - три соединённых друг с другом здания образовывали внутренний двор
4. выделять, делать рельефным5. задавать ( величину) -
10 define
[dɪ'faɪn]1) (give definition of) definire [term, concept] (as come)3) (express clearly) definire, chiarire [ problem]4) (stand out)to be defined against — [tree, building] stagliarsi contro [ sky]
* * *(to fix or state the exact meaning of: Words are defined in a dictionary.) definire- definition* * *[dɪ'faɪn]1) (give definition of) definire [term, concept] (as come)3) (express clearly) definire, chiarire [ problem]4) (stand out)to be defined against — [tree, building] stagliarsi contro [ sky]
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11 define
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12 define a a concept
Макаров: определить понятие -
13 pin down
pin down [somebody], pin [somebody] down1) ( physically) immobiliser (to à)2) fig coincerpin down [something], pin [something] down3) lit accrocher [piece of paper, cloth]; épingler [sheet] -
14 pin
A n1 (for sewing, fastening cloth or paper) épingle f ;6 ( in bowling) quille f ;7 ( in golf) drapeau m (de trou).1 ( attach with pins) épingler [dress, hem, curtain] ; to pin sth to épingler qch à ; to pin sth on(to) épingler qch sur ; ( with drawing pin) fixer qch avec une punaise sur [board, wall] ; to pin two things together épingler deux choses l'une avec l'autre ; to pin sth with attacher qch avec [brooch, grip, pin] ;2 (trap, press) coincer [person, part of body] ; to pin sb against ou to coincer qn contre [wall, sofa, floor] ; her arms were pinned to her sides elle avait les bras plaqués au corps ; to be pinned under être coincé sous [fallen tree, wreckage] ;4 Mil, Sport coincer, bloquer ; France were pinned in their own half la France a été coincée sur son terrain ;5 ( in chess) coincer [piece].for two pins I would do pour un peu je ferais ; to pin one's ears back ○ ouvrir grand les oreilles ○ ; you could have heard a pin drop on aurait entendu voler une mouche ; ⇒ hope.■ pin down:▶ pin down [sb], pin [sb] down1 ( physically) immobiliser (to à) ;2 fig coincer ; he won't be pinned down il ne se laissera pas coincer ; to pin sb down to a definite date/an exact figure arriver à soutirer une date fixe/un chiffre exact à qn ; to pin sb down to doing obliger qn à s'engager à faire ;▶ pin down [sth], pin [sth] down2 fig ( define) identifier [concept, feeling] ; I can't pin it down je n'arrive pas à mettre le doigt dessus.■ pin up:▶ pin up [sth], pin [sth] up accrocher [poster, notice, map] (on à) ; remonter [hair]. -
15 pin down
pin down [sb.], pin [sb.] down1) (physically) immobilizzare (to contro)2) fig. vincolareto pin sb. down to a definite date — costringere qcn. a fissare una data
to pin sb. down to doing — fare promettere a qcn. di fare; pin down [sth.], pin [sth.] down
3) fissare con puntine [piece of paper, cloth]; spillare [ sheet]4) fig. (define) definire, identificare [concept, feeling]I can't pin it down — non riesco a definirlo o a metterlo a fuoco
* * *(to make (someone) give a definite answer, statement, opinion or promise: I can't pin him down to a definite date for his arrival.) vincolare* * *vt + adv1) (fasten or hold down) immobilizzare2) figthere's something strange here but I can't quite pin it down — c'è qualcosa di strano qua ma non riesco a capire cos'è
* * *pin down [sb.], pin [sb.] down1) (physically) immobilizzare (to contro)2) fig. vincolareto pin sb. down to a definite date — costringere qcn. a fissare una data
to pin sb. down to doing — fare promettere a qcn. di fare; pin down [sth.], pin [sth.] down
3) fissare con puntine [piece of paper, cloth]; spillare [ sheet]4) fig. (define) definire, identificare [concept, feeling]I can't pin it down — non riesco a definirlo o a metterlo a fuoco
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16 concepto
concepto sustantivo masculinoa) ( idea):tener un concepto equivocado de algo/algn to have a mistaken idea of sth/sb; tengo (un) mal concepto de su trabajo I have a very low opinion of her work; bajo or por ningún concepto on no account
concepto sustantivo masculino
1 (idea) concept
2 (opinión, juicio) opinion
3 (título, calidad) capacity
4 (en un recibo, etc) item Locuciones: bajo ningún concepto, under no circumstances ' concepto' also found in these entries: Spanish: abominable - baja - bajo - idea - mayoría - salida - tutearse - universal - escurridizo - inaccesible - noción English: account - basic - body - concept - conception - define - idea - impenetrable - mistaken - opinion - rate - vague - circumstance - disapprove - notion - world -
17 Language
Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)[A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling itSolving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into anotherLANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own LanguageThe forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)[It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human InteractionLanguage cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language
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18 pin down
(to make (someone) give a definite answer, statement, opinion or promise: I can't pin him down to a definite date for his arrival.) abligar a uno a que concrete; hacer que se comprometaexpr.• inmobilizar v.v + o + adv, v + adv + o1) ( prevent from moving)2)a) ( define) \<\<cause/identity\>\> definir, precisarsomething's wrong with me, but I can't pin it down — algo tengo, pero no sabría decir exactamente qué
b) ( force to state position)I managed to pin him down to a definite date — conseguí que se comprometiera para una fecha concreta
VT + ADV1) (=fasten or hold down) sujetar2) (fig)a) (=oblige to be specific)the minister refused to be pinned down on the timing of the reforms — el ministro no quiso comprometerse a dar fechas específicas para las reformas
b) (=identify) [+ problem] identificar; [+ concept] precisar, definir; [+ reason] dar con; [+ date] precisar3) (Mil) [+ troops] atraparour men were pinned down by artillery fire — nuestros hombres se vieron atrapados por fuego de artillería
* * *v + o + adv, v + adv + o1) ( prevent from moving)2)a) ( define) \<\<cause/identity\>\> definir, precisarsomething's wrong with me, but I can't pin it down — algo tengo, pero no sabría decir exactamente qué
b) ( force to state position) -
19 Essen, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 6 September 1908 Nottingham, England[br]English physicist who produced the first practical caesium atomic clock, which was later used to define the second.[br]Louis Essen joined the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) at Teddington in 1927 after graduating from London University. He spent his whole working life at the NPL and retired in 1972; his research there was recognized by the award of a DSc in 1948. At NPL he joined a team working on the development of frequency standards using quartz crystals and he designed a very successful quartz oscillator, which became known as the "Essen ring". He was also involved with radio frequency oscillators. His expertise in these fields was to play a crucial role in the development of the caesium clock. The idea of an atomic clock had been proposed by I.I.Rabbi in 1945, and an instrument was constructed shortly afterwards at the National Bureau of Standards in the USA. However, this device never realized the full potential of the concept, and after seeing it on a visit to the USA Essen was convinced that a more successful instrument could be built at Teddington. Assisted by J.V.L.Parry, he commenced work in the spring of 1953 and by June 1955 the clock was working reliably, with an accuracy that was equivalent to one second in three hundred years. This was significantly more accurate than the astronomical observations that were used at that time to determine the second: in 1967 the second was redefined in terms of the value for the frequency of vibration of caesium atoms that had been obtained with this clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1960. Clockmakers' Company Tompion Gold Medal 1957. Physical Society C.V.Boys Prize 1957. USSR Academy of Science Popov Gold Medal 1959.Bibliography1957, with J.V.L.Parry, "The caesium resonator as a standard of frequency and time", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Series A) 25:45–69 (the first comprehensive description of the caesium clock).Further ReadingP.Forman, 1985, "Atomichron: the atomic clock from concept to commercial product", Proceedings of the IEEE 75:1,181–204 (an authoritative critical review of the development of the atomic clock).N.Cessons (ed.), 1992, The Making of the Modern World, London: Science Museum, pp.190–1 (contains a short account).See also: Marrison, Warren AlvinDV -
20 definition
noun (an explanation of the exact meaning of a word or phrase: Is that definition accurate?) definicióndefinition n definicióntr[defɪ'nɪʃən]1 (explanation) definición nombre femenino■ what's the definition of irony? ¿cómo se define la ironía?■ what's your definition of a night on the town? ¿tú qué entiendes por una noche de marcha?3 (clarity of shape, colour) nitidez nombre femenino, definición nombre femenino; (of sound) nitidez nombre femenino, claridad nombre femeninodefinition [.dɛfə'nɪʃən] n: definición fn.• acepción (Lingüística) s.f.• acepción s.f.n.• definición s.f.'defə'nɪʃən, ˌdefɪ'nɪʃən1) c ua) ( statement of meaning) definición fwhat's your definition of good music? — ¿tú qué entiendes por buena música?
b) ( categorization) definición f, delimitación f2) ua) ( focus)b) (Cin, Phot, TV) nitidez f, definición f[ˌdefɪ'nɪʃǝn]N1) [of word, concept] definición f ; [of powers, boundaries, duties] delimitación f2) (Phot) nitidez f, definición f* * *['defə'nɪʃən, ˌdefɪ'nɪʃən]1) c ua) ( statement of meaning) definición fwhat's your definition of good music? — ¿tú qué entiendes por buena música?
b) ( categorization) definición f, delimitación f2) ua) ( focus)b) (Cin, Phot, TV) nitidez f, definición f
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См. также в других словарях:
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Proof of concept — is a short and/or incomplete realization (or ) of a certain method or idea(s) to demonstrate its feasibility, or a demonstration in principle, whose purpose is to verify that some concept or theory is probably capable of exploitation in a useful… … Wikipedia
Use-define chain — A Use Definition Chain (UD Chain) is a data structure that consists of a use, U, of a variable, and all the definitions, D, of that variable that can reach that use without any other intervening definitions. A definition can have many forms, but… … Wikipedia
